It is a crucial factor in various processes such as brain development, optical and immune systems, osmotic regulation, reproduction, stabilization of membranes, cardiac muscle regulation and inflammation. Taurine is chiefly produced in the liver and kidney however, it has been found in most other cells and tissues, including the brain, retina, heart, placenta, leukocytes and muscle. It plays a crucial role in the developmental processes, , ]. Taurine was first revealed as a constituent of ox bile in 1827 and is a sulfur-containing semi-essential amino acid available in mammals. This article also addresses the neuropharmacological potential of taurine analogs. Herein, we present an overview on the therapeutic potential of taurine against neurological disorders and highlight clinical studies and its molecular mechanistic roles. Considering current biopharmaceutical limitations, developing novel delivery approaches and new derivatives and precursors of taurine may be an attractive option for treating neurological disorders.
Several findings demonstrate its therapeutic role against neurodevelopmental disorders, including Angelman syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, sleep-wake disorders, neural tube defects and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In addition, taurine displays potential ameliorating effects against different neurological disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, epilepsy and diabetic neuropathy and protects against injuries and toxicities of the nervous system. Different cellular processes such as energy metabolism, gene expression, osmosis and quality control of protein are regulated by taurine. Taurine also modulates ER stress, Ca 2+ homeostasis and neuronal activity at the molecular level as part of its broader roles. In the several disease models, it attenuates inflammation- and oxidative stress-mediated injuries. It presents in different organs, including retina, brain, heart and placenta and demonstrates extensive physiological activities within the body. Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid and known as semi-essential in mammals and is produced chiefly by the liver and kidney.
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